Location: Sogn og Fjordane, Norway
Background: Approximately 5,000 different explosions carried out during the construction phase Laerdal Tunnel, which runs under the Norwegian mountains and fjords along the 15 miles, and this is a tunnel that was built with the longest in the world.
Why Unique: Driving through a tunnel for 20 minutes can be very monotonous, so a team of psychologists and engineers focused on how to maintain the concentration of the driver. "Psychological reaction in the tunnel is very important ... it makes the difference between people receiving facility or simply to avoid it," said Youssef Hashash, professor of Civil and Environmental Engineering at the University of Illinois, who has worked 10 tunnel project different. "Given the length of this tunnel, you need an environment that is designed with care and good lighting system." Some of the solutions used in the Laerdal tunnel include bright blue lights smooth bends and twists that keep making driver concentration. Most important is the fact that the tunnel is divided into several different sections, can take the driver and create the impression that passengers traveling through some of the smaller tunnels.
2. Channel tunnel
Location: Coquelles, FranceBackground: Commonly known as the Chunnel, is a giant truktur linking Britain and France. Completed in 1994, the 31-mile tunnel is a cost exceeding $ 20 billion.
Why Unique: Linking French and English through the English Channel is an idea that has sparked hundreds of years ago. "There were previous attempts to build a tunnel here, but they were stopped for various reasons, both technical and political," said Hashash. after the found of modern technology, and consider the benefits if the two countries can be linked, then began the mega project. Because of its length, designers build another smaller tunnel to the escape in case of fire or accidents in the tunnel.
3. Tunnel Zion-Mount Carmel Location: Zion Canyon, Utah
Background: The driver will find this structure between Mount Zion Utah National Park and Bryce Canyon National Park.
Why Unique: A series of ornate windows adorn the driver's side of the tunnel as a means of enjoying the scenery. "When you leave Zion heading to Bryce, you climb this path and go through the tunnel at this. You can see the rock formations and beautiful scenery," said Hashash. Because the tunnel is built through the sandstone, a relatively soft rock, engineers had to strengthen the structure several times over the past 80 years, adding concrete ribs and 24-hour monitoring system.
4. Tunnel Smuggling Location: Tijuana, Mexico
Background: Criminals have been using underground tunnels to commit all sorts of crimes, including bank robbery and drug trafficking. During the past decade, smuggling tunnels have been found in the U.S., comes from Canada and Mexico.
Why Unique: In December, the U.S. and Mexican authorities find tunnel 1000 feet long, leading to the U.S., though not completed, the tunnel is equipped with lighting, a ventilation system, electricity, and even an elevator. A statement from the Drug Enforcement Agency (DEA) suggests that the tunnel was built over the past two years.
5. Marmaray Tunnel Location: Istanbul, Turkey
Background: intercontinental tunnel construction began in 2004, but archaeological finds from the Byzantine era and other hurdles have delayed its completion.
Why Unique: immersed tube tunnel will be the first to merge two different continents, running under the Bosphorus Strait to connect the European side of Istanbul to the Asian side. Marmaray tunnel is the deepest immersed tube tunnel in the world, with a maximum depth of 180 meters.
6. Thames Tunnel Location: London, England
Background: At first glance it does not look impressive Thames Tunnel; length of 1,300 feet and a depth of 75-feet and seemed to pale in comparison to the other tunnel. But the Thames Tunnel is a milestone in tunnel engineering.
Why Unique: "This was the first underwater tunnel, and it was the first time the concept of shield tunneling is used," Hashash tell. "This is a major milestone." Shield tunneling is a tool developed by Sir Marc Isambard Brunel that serves as a temporary support structure, allowing construction crews to safely, and flat, install a permanent support system underwater. Build the Thames Tunnel was such a novelty at the beginning of the 19th century that visitors would pay to get in at the construction site, and even Brunel concerts and banquets in the unfinished structure. When the tunnel was completed in 1843, Queen Victoria gave knighthood to Brunel for his services in the construction world.
7. Seikan Tunnel Location: Honshu, Japan
Background: The 33.5-mile long tunnel connects the island of Honshu with the island of Hokkaido. Construction was completed in 1988.
Why Unique: Located at 787 meters below sea level, the Seikan Tunnel is the deepest tunnel in the world. In addition, the 33.5 mile length makes the longest tunnel being used. Excavation area geology and volcanic rocks which prevented boring engineers using advanced machines, forcing them to destroy quickly and dig under the Tsugaru Strait.
Background: Yerba Buena Island is a small piece of vacant land in the San Francisco Bay between Oakland and San Francisco. A five-lane bridge on one side, with two suspension bridges on the other side.
Why Unique: With a diameter of 76 feet, Yerba Buena Island tunnel is the single largest in the world, opened in November 1936. Hashash speculated that adding the tunnel to save cost and a possible solution to pass the island, rather than just building a big bridge.
9. Infiltration Tunnels Location: 38th Parallel DMZ
Background: Three different tunnel was discovered creeping under Korea's demilitarized zone, one of the most contentious borders in the world, throughout the 1970's. All appear to be from North Korea, and later, in 1990, the fourth tunnel was found.
Why Unique: Third Invasion Tunnel, also known as the Third Tunnel of Aggression, starting 26 miles from Seoul, South Korea. North Korea's underground route provides the means to launch a massive military offensive, and a tunnel large enough to shuttle all military divisions. GlobalSecurity.org estimates that as many as 20 tunnels bullies in the DMZ; menmbah strained relations between North and South Korea.
10. Natural Tunnel Location: Natural Tunnel State Park, Virginia
Background: Construction of the tunnel began millions of years ago, when the carbonic acid eating into the limestone and dolomite bedrock. An article published in the journal of geology in 1832 is the first documentation of the existence of this tunnel.Why Unique: Tunnel with a 200-foot width is large to accommodate trains, so in 1906 built Southern Railway track passengers through these natural structures. Today, passenger trains no longer used, but freight continued to transport coal through the tunnel on a regular basis. Due to the structure of this natural marvel, William Jennings Bryan, presidential candidate Woodrow Wilson's tahuna1896 and foreign minister, said it was the eighth wonder of the world.
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